The strength and rigidity of perforated metals are key performance indicators that affect their application in construction and mechanical manufacturing, directly related to the safety, stability and functionality of the structure. The following analyzes the specific influences and application logics of its strength and stiffness from two aspects: the construction field and the mechanical manufacturing field:
I. Architectural Field: The foundation of structural safety and functional realization
The influence of strength on building applications
Structural bearing capacity
The strength of perforated metals (tensile, compressive and shear strength) determines whether they can withstand building loads (such as self-weight, wind load, snow load, etc.).
Case: As perforated metal plates for building curtain walls or roofs, it is necessary to optimize the hole type design (such as round holes, long holes, and irregular holes) and the thickness of the plates to reduce weight while maintaining sufficient strength. For instance, if the ventilation louvers in high-rise buildings are not strong enough, they may deform or fall off in strong winds, posing safety hazards.
Seismic resistance and impact resistance performance
High-strength perforated metals are not easily damaged under extreme loads such as earthquakes and typhoons, and can maintain the integrity of the structure. For example, the envelope structure of buildings in earthquake-prone areas adopts high-strength perforated steel plates, which can reduce the risk of structural damage.
Durability and corrosion protection
Strength is related to the material (such as stainless steel, galvanized carbon steel). Perforated metals made of highly corrosion-resistant materials (such as 316 stainless steel) have a slow decline in strength and are suitable for harsh environments with high humidity and high salt spray (such as coastal buildings, chemical plants), avoiding safety accidents caused by strength reduction due to corrosion.
2. The influence of stiffness on building applications
Anti-deformation ability
Insufficient stiffness (the material's ability to resist elastic deformation) can cause significant deflection or buckling of perforated metals under load, affecting both appearance and functionality.
Case: If the perforated metal ceiling has low rigidity, it may sag due to people walking or equipment vibration, thus disrupting the flatness of the indoor space. The perforated panels used as the sound insulation layer for floor slabs will have insufficient rigidity, which will lead to a decline in sound insulation effect.
The stability of function realization
Ventilation and shading: The perforated metal plates used for external shading of buildings need to maintain rigidity to prevent deformation due to wind force or temperature changes, which may affect the shading efficiency and the stability of ventilation volume.
Acoustic performance: When perforated panels are used as sound-absorbing materials, their stiffness affects the stability of their connection with walls/ceilings. Deformation may lead to changes in the structure of the sound-absorbing cavity and reduce the noise reduction effect.
3. Balance strategies in architectural design
Optimization of hole type and arrangement
The use of interlaced hole shapes or honeycomb arrangements can enhance rigidity while reducing the amount of material used (for example, hexagonal holes are more conducive to stress dispersion than circular holes).
Composite structure design
By integrating frame structures (such as aluminum alloy keels) or backboards (such as gypsum boards), the overall rigidity is enhanced through the combination of "perforated panels + support structures", for instance, the perforated metal decorative ceiling in the atrium of a shopping mall.
The trade-off between lightweighting and strength
Aluminum-magnesium alloy perforated panels (with a high strength-to-weight ratio) are preferred for high-rise buildings, taking into account both reducing structural loads and maintaining strength, such as the perforated curtain walls for the exterior walls of super high-rise office buildings.
Ii. Mechanical Manufacturing Field: The core of equipment performance and reliability
The influence of strength on mechanical applications
The load-bearing capacity of mechanical components
When perforated metals are used as mechanical protective covers, gearbox partitions or transmission components, their strength directly determines the operational safety of the equipment.
Case: If low-strength perforated steel plates are used for the protective covers of machine tools, they may break due to collision or vibration, resulting in personnel injury or equipment failure. The heat dissipation grilles of construction machinery need to withstand the impact of crushed stones and should be made of high-strength and wear-resistant materials (such as manganese steel perforated plates).
Fatigue resistance performance under dynamic loads
Perforated components in reciprocating motion or vibration environments (such as the air intake grille and ventilation and heat dissipation plate of a car engine) need to have high fatigue strength to avoid cracking at the edge of the holes due to long-term vibration.
Medium tolerance
Perforated metals in chemical machinery that come into contact with corrosive liquids or high-pressure gases (such as filter screens and heat exchanger partitions) need to be resistant to medium erosion through material strength (such as Hastelloy) and surface treatment (such as coating) to prevent leakage accidents caused by strength failure.
2. The influence of stiffness on mechanical applications
Motion accuracy and stability
Perforated metal guide rails and support plates in precision machinery (such as CNC machine tools and aerospace equipment) need to have high rigidity to avoid deformation due to force, which may affect processing accuracy or the stability of equipment operation.
Case: If the rigidity of the airflow homogenization perforated plate inside the photolithography machine is insufficient, slight deformation may cause airflow disorder, affecting the photolithography accuracy.
Vibration and noise control
Perforated metals with low rigidity are prone to resonance in high-speed rotating or vibrating equipment, intensifying noise and component wear. For instance, the perforated noise reduction plate of the fan impeller needs to avoid the resonant frequency through stiffness design (such as adding rib plates) while ensuring the noise reduction effect.
Sealing and connection reliability
For perforated metal gaskets used as flanges and pipe connection components, insufficient rigidity can lead to uneven pressure on the sealing surface, causing leakage. For instance, high-pressure piping systems require the use of metal perforated gaskets with moderate rigidity (such as stainless steel corrugated perforated gaskets) to balance sealing performance and anti-deformation capacity.
3. Engineering solutions in mechanical design
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) optimization
The strength and stiffness performance under different hole types, hole diameters and plate thicknesses is simulated by computer. For example, in the design of ventilation holes in gearboxes, FEA is used to calculate the stress distribution to avoid stress concentration around the holes.
Strengthen the application of the process
The local stiffness of perforated metals is enhanced by processes such as bending, rolling, and stamping reinforcing ribs. For instance, the perforated guardrails for heavy machinery improve their impact resistance through longitudinal reinforcing ribs.
The material matches the craftsmanship
High-load scenarios: Select quenched carbon steel perforated plates (such as 45# steel) and enhance strength through heat treatment.
High-speed rotating equipment: Titanium alloy perforated plates (high rigidity, low inertia) are adopted, such as the perforated structure of the compressor guide vanes in aero engines.
Iii. Cross-domain Commonality: The collaborative design principle of strength and stiffness
The principle of function priority
It is necessary to clarify the core functions of the perforated metal (such as load-bearing, protection, ventilation, etc.) and give priority to meeting the key performance requirements. For instance, perforated panels used for building load-bearing focus on strength as the core, while perforated panels for decoration pay more attention to the flatness brought by rigidity.
Standards and norms are followed
In the field of architecture, it is necessary to comply with the "Steel Structure Design Standard" (GB 50017) and the "Quality Acceptance Standard for Building Decoration and Renovation Engineering" (GB 50210). In the mechanical field, ISO 6892 (Tensile Testing of metallic materials), ASME BPVC (Code for Pressure Vessels), etc. need to be followed.
Testing and Verification
The strength and stiffness are verified through measured data such as tensile tests, bending tests, and modal analysis. For example, mechanical protective covers need to pass impact tests (such as ISO 14120) to ensure safety performance.
Summary
The strength and rigidity of perforated metals are the "safety bottom line" and "functional upper limit" for their application in construction and mechanical manufacturing:
In the field of architecture: Strength ensures structural safety, while rigidity guarantees functional stability (such as wind resistance, earthquake resistance, and acoustic performance).
In the field of mechanical manufacturing: Strength determines the reliability of components, and stiffness affects the accuracy and service life of equipment.
The core of the design: Through material selection, hole shape optimization, structural reinforcement and other means, the best solution between lightweight and performance is found. At the same time, by combining engineering standards and test verification, a balance between safety and functionality is achieved.